With winter behind us and the South of England experiencing its wettest February since records began in 1836, the impact of heavy rainfall is once again under the spotlight. Headlines spoke of a "months’ worth of rain in a single day", and with more frequent incidents of road and surface water flooding, flood resilience is rapidly climbing the priority list for both local and national authorities.
But when floodwater rises, responsibility can quickly become a grey area.
Understanding who does what is crucial; not just for local authorities and agencies, but for communities and individuals looking to reduce risk or respond to incidents effectively. The Flood and Water Management Act 2010 introduced a more collaborative approach, encouraging partnership working across flood risk management authorities.
So, who does what?
The Environment Agency (EA)
The EA plays a strategic national role. They manage and report on the risk of flooding from rivers, reservoirs, estuaries, and the sea, and are also responsible for issuing flood warnings.
Lead Local Flood Authorities (LLFAs)
Usually a unitary or county council, LLFAs take the lead on managing flood risk from surface water, groundwater, and ordinary watercourses. They also maintain a flood risk register and play a key role in community recovery and engagement projects. In coastal areas, they may also act as the coastal erosion risk management authority.
District Councils
District councils support LLFAs by helping to manage flood risk and making planning decisions that can mitigate it. Some minor local authorities also assist with works on smaller watercourses.
Internal Drainage Boards (IDBs)
These independent public bodies manage water levels in low-lying areas - roughly 10% of England. They work closely with other authorities to reduce localised flood risk.
Highways Authorities
Local highway authorities (either a county council or unitary authority) are responsible for roads, pavements, gullies and drainage associated with the road network. They must ensure that road projects don’t increase flood risk. National Highways manages motorways and major A roads.
Water and Sewerage Companies
They manage the risk of flooding from foul or combined sewer systems and surface water systems that drain from properties.
Riparian Owners
If you own land or property next to a watercourse (like a stream, river, or ditch), you’re a riparian owner. That means you're responsible for its maintenance and ensuring it doesn’t pose a risk to others.
Property Owners
You’re responsible for the drains within the boundary of your property, right up until they connect to public sewers or neighbouring properties. This includes taking reasonable steps to flood-proof your home and hiring professionals when needed.
In Summary
Flood risk management is a shared responsibility, and understanding these roles empowers both individuals and organisations to plan, respond, and recover more effectively. Clear responsibilities help everyone involved take meaningful action before, during and after flooding events.
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